شناسایی مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های شهرسازی خانواده‌مبنا در محله‌های اسلامی‌ ایرانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 پژوهشگر دورۀ دکترای تخصصی شهرسازی اسلامی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه
از مهم‌ترین مسائل پیش ‌روی محله‌های جدید با الگوهای شهرک مسکونی، آپارتمان، برج‌های مسکونی، بلوک‌های مسکونی، مجتمع‌های مسکونی مخاطرات اجتماعی‌ فرهنگی، از دست رفتن مطلوبیت کارکرد محله [1]، از بین رفتن سلسله‌مراتب و محرمیت، دور شدن خدمات محله‌ای، بی‌توجهی به مقیاس انسانی و عدم رعایت مدول و پیمون عرصه‌ها، کاهش فضای مناسب در مرکز محله برای گذران اوقات فراغت خانواده‌، کاهش تعاملات اجتماعی [2] است.
از طرفی، ظهور روزافزون رویکردهای جدید در زمینۀ شهرسازی، هر بار با تمرکز بر قشر خاصی از جامعه ارائه می‌شود، مانند شهر دوست‌دار کودک، شهر دوست‌دار سالمند، شهر دوست‌دار زنان، شهر دوست‌دار معلولان و موارد مانند آن، بیانگر این است که تقاضای جامعه برای حل مسائل موجود، با رویکردهای قبلی به‌درستی پاسخ داده نمی‌شود. و جامعه نیاز به رویکردی جدید دارد که با در نظر داشتن واحد اجتماعی «خانواده» به طور یکپارچه و همه‌جانبه به جامعه بنگرد و نیازهای تک‌تک افراد را پاسخ بدهد. این مفهوم با بنیان‌های فکری جامعۀ ایرانی‌ اسلامی منطبق و ملموس‌تر است. همچنین، خانواده، طیفی از گروه‌های مختلف سنی و جنسی را دربرمی‌گیرد و به‌ کار ‌بردن چنین رویکردی، نیازها و تمایلات همۀ این طیف را مد نظر قرار خواهد داد. 
یکی از اولین گام‌ها برای تبیین یک مدل نظری و معرفی یک رویکرد جدید، یافتن مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های مربوط به آن است. بنابراین هدف از انجام این پژوهش، یافتن مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های شهرسازی خانواده‌مبنا در محله‌های ایرانی‌ اسلامی است. لذا پژوهش حاضر به دنبال پاسخ‌گویی به این سؤال است که مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های شهرسازی خانواده‌مبنا در محله‌های ایرانی‌ اسلامی کدام‌اند؟
مواد و روش‌ها
پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش، تحلیل محتوای کیفی است. جامعۀ آماری این پژوهش، تمام متون مرتبط هستند. نوع پژوهش از حیث هدف، بنیادی و توسعه‌ای است. در این پژوهش به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات مورد نیاز از روش‌های اسنادی (کتابخانه‌ای) استفاده شده است. به این صورت که برای بیان مفاهیم نظری و تبیین مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌های پژوهش در زمینۀ «سیر تحول خانواده در فرهنگ ایرانی»، «خانواده از منظر اسلام»، «روابط چهارگانۀ انسان در عرفان»، «محلۀ اسلامی‌ ایرانی»، «نیازهای خانوادۀ مسلمان در محله‌های اسلامی‌ ایرانی» بر اساس روابط چهارگانۀ انسان در عرفان و همچنین پیشینۀ تحقیق، از روش اسنادی استفاده شده است و به منظور تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل اطلاعات، با توجه به اینکه اطلاعات به‌دست‌آمده کیفی هستند، به کمک تفکر و تعقل و منطق به تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل آن‌ها و مدل‌سازی پرداخته شده است. 
یافته‌ها
خانوادۀ مسلمان ایرانی دارای شاخص‌های ویژه‌ای است، لذا نیازها و الزامات خاصی را می‌طلبد. الزاماتی که ‌باید در فرایند مدیریت، برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی شهری مورد توجه قرار گیرد و تأمین شود. از آنجا که الگوهای رایج جدید شهرسازی غالباً الگوهایی هستند که از کشورهای غربی و فرهنگ‌های غیرمسلمان وارد کشور شده‌اند و مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند، لذا متناسب با الگوی خانوادۀ غربی غیرمسلمان هستند و در پاسخ به کارکردها و نیازهای آنان ایجاد شده‌اند. لذا نه تنها پاسخی برای کارکردها و نیازهای خانوادۀ مسلمان ایرانی ندارند، بلکه اثرات مخربی نیز بر سبک زندگی و کارکردهای آن تحمیل کرده‌اند. به عنوان نمونه، می‌توان به نیازهای اجتماعی خانوادۀ مسلمان ایرانی اشاره کرد، که در مبانی اسلامی از آن با عنوان صلۀ ارحام یاد می‌شود. پاسخ دادن به این نیاز در مسکن‌های امروزی که فقط اهداف اقتصادی در ایجاد آن نقش دارند و متناسب با سبک زندگی خانوادۀ مسلمان ایرانی نیستند، دشوار و در مواردی غیرممکن است. 
در فرایند تبیین مفهوم شهر ایرانی‌ اسلامی، ملاحظه شد که تعاریف، مبتنی بر جامعه‌شناختی فردمحور است. تعریف سرانۀ کاربری‌ها بر اساس هر فرد در نظام برنامه‌ریزی شهری غربی که در کشور ما نیز مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد، نشان از تأثیر نگاه فردمحور دیدگاه‌های جامعه‌شناختی بر شهرسازی دارد؛ نگاهی که فرد را مبنای اختصاص کاربری و فضا قرار می‌دهد. از طرفی در مدل «ابعاد شهرسازی در محله‌های اسلامی‌ ایرانی»، فقط در بُعد اجتماعی‌ فرهنگی، آن هم فقط با شاخص بُعد خانوار، سعی دارد تا حدودی به مفهوم خانواده توجه کند، در حالی که خانوار یک مفهوم جمعیت‌شناختى است و خانواده مفهومى است جامعه‌شناختی. بنابراین برای تبدیل شدن به مدل «ابعاد شهرسازی خانواده‌مبنا در محله‌های اسلامی‌ ایرانی»، نیاز به تغییری دارد تا نهاد خانواده نیز در آن لحاظ شود. 
در مدل مفهومی پژوهش به دلیل اهمیت و تأثیرگذار بودن قوانین دین اسلام بر تمام مؤلفه‌های شهر و همچنین خانواده، مؤلفه‌های پژوهش که قوانین اسلام را در چهار دسته تقسیم می‌کنند، در مدل مفهومی به عنوان چهار وجه اصلی مدل قرار دارند و مفاهیم مرتبط با هریک از آن‌ها در لایۀ اول مدل قرار می‌گیرند. در لایۀ بعدی، ترجمان این مفاهیم در محلۀ اسلامی‌ ایرانی قرار گرفته و در لایۀ آخر نیز الزامات و ملاحظات خانوادۀ مسلمان ایرانی بر آن اعمال شده ‌است که درنهایت به محلۀ اسلامی‌ ایرانی شکل می‌دهند.
نتیجه‌گیری
مفهوم خانوادۀ مسلمان ایرانی، با اثرپذیری از فرهنگ، ارز‌ش‌ها و مبانی اسلامی، الگو و سبک متفاوتی از زندگی را دارد که الزامات خاص خود را می‌طلبد. الزاماتی که بر ابعاد گوناگون اجتماعی‌ فرهنگی، اقتصادی، زیست‌محیطی، کالبدی‌ فضایی، کاربری و دسترسی شهر و محله اثر مستقیم دارد و الگویی منحصربه‌فرد را می‌طلبد. 
بنابراین در جدولی رابطۀ بین مؤلفه‌های چهارگانۀ پژوهش با ابعاد شهرسازی در محله‌های اسلامی‌ ایرانی ارائه می‌شود و راهبردهای پیشنهادی در هر یک از این ابعاد، به تفکیک مؤلفه‌های چهارگانۀ پژوهش تبیین می‌شود. نمونه‌هایی از آن به طور مختصر عبارت‌اند از: نزدیکی محل اشتغال و زندگی. آموزش‌های شغلی کودکان در محله با پارک مشاغل کودک و مانند آن. عملکردهای محله مناسب رشد شخصیتی، دینی و اخلاقی خانواده مخصوصاً کودکان. فضای مناسب فراغتی کوتاه‌مدت در خانه. فضاهای مناسب گذران اوقات فراغت خانواده در محله. محیط مناسب ورزش در خانه. فضای مناسب ورزش خانواده در محله. محیط آرامش‌بخشِ خانه. محیط خانه مناسب انس الفت خانواده. فضای مناسب خلوت و تفکر در خانه و موارد مانند آن.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying the Dimensions and Indicators of family-Based Urbanization in Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods

نویسندگان [English]

  • Asghar Molaei 1
  • Maryam Mohammadzade 2
  • Leila Medghalchi 3
1 Associate Professor of Urban Planning Department, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Ph.D. candidate in Islamic urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
3 Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction 
Among the most critical challenges facing new neighborhoods of residential complexes, apartments, residential towers, and residential blocks, are socioeconomic and cultural issues, the erosion of neighborhood functionality [1], the loss of family structure and privacy, the distancing of neighborhood services, a disregard for human scale, and the alteration of the neighborhood’s spatial arrangement. This leads to a reduction in suitable spaces in the neighborhood’s core for family leisure activities and a decline in social interactions [2]. On the other hand, the burgeoning emergence of novel approaches in urban planning, while focusing on a specific segment of society, such as child-friendly cities, elderly-friendly cities, women-friendly cities, disabled-friendly cities, and similar cases, underscores the inadequacy of traditional approaches in effectively addressing existing societal issues. Society requires a novel approach that considers the social unit “family,” highlights a holistic and comprehensive view of society, and caters to the needs of each individual. This concept is more tangible and aligns with the intellectual foundations of Iranian-Islamic society. Additionally, the family encompasses a diverse range of age and gender groups, and employing this approach will accommodate the needs and desires of all of these groups. One of the first steps in formulating a theoretical framework and introducing a novel approach is to identify its core components and key indicators. In light of this, the objective of this study is to delineate the components and indicators of family-based urbanization in Iranian-Islamic neighborhoods. This research, therefore, seeks to answer the question: What are the components and indicators of family-based urbanization in Iranian-Islamic neighborhoods?
Materials and Methods
This study employs qualitative content analysis as its research methodology. The statistical population encompasses all relevant texts. The research falls under the category of fundamental and developmental research in terms of its purpose. To gather the necessary information, this study utilizes documentary (library) methods. Documentary methods have been employed to elaborate on the theoretical concepts and explain the components and indicators of the study in the fields of “the evolution of the family in Iranian culture,” “the family from the Islamic perspective,” “the four relationships of man in Sufism,” “the Islamic-Iranian neighborhood,” “the needs of the Muslim family in Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods” based on the four relationships of man in Sufism and the research context. For data analysis and modeling, given the qualitative nature of the collected information, reasoning and logic were utilized.
Findings
The Iranian Muslim family possesses distinct characteristics; hence it demands unique needs and requirements. These requirements should be considered and addressed during the process of urban management, planning, and designing. Since prevailing urban planning models often originate from Western nations and non-Muslim cultures and are imported into Iran, they align with the framework of the non-Muslim Western family and were devised to cater to their functions and needs. Therefore, they not only fail to address the functions and requirements of the Iranian Muslim family but also impose detrimental effects on their lifestyle and functionalities. As an illustrative example, the social needs of the Iranian Muslim family, which are encompassed by the concept of “mercy and harmony” in Islamic principles, are difficult and sometimes impossible to fulfill in modern housing structures that are solely designed for economic pursuits and do not align with the lifestyle of the Iranian Muslim family.
During the analysis of the concept of the Iranian-Islamic city, it was evident that the prevailing definitions adhere to an individual-centric sociological approach. The Western urban planning system, which is also adopted in our country, employs a per capita utilization definition that assigns space and usage based on individual needs. This approach reflects the individual-focused perspective of sociological theories in urban planning. This view prioritizes the individual as the foundation for spatial allocation and utilization. On the other hand, the “Dimensions of Urbanization in Islamic-Iranian Neighborhoods” model attempts to incorporate the concept of family, albeit partially, within the social-cultural dimension, specifically by employing the household dimension index. It should be noted that household is a demographic concept, while family is a sociological concept. Thus, to transform this model into a “family-centered urbanization dimensions model in Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods,” necessitates an adaptation that integrates the institution of the family within its framework. In the conceptual framework of the study, due to the profound significance and impact of Islamic laws on all aspects of the city and the family, the research components that categorize Islamic laws into four fundamental categories form the four overarching facets of the conceptual model. The concepts associated with each category are positioned in the first layer of the model. The subsequent layer encompasses the interpretation of these concepts within the context of Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods. The final layer applies the requirements and considerations of Iranian Muslim families to this interpretation, ultimately shaping the Islamic-Iranian neighborhood.
Conclusion
The concept of the Iranian Muslim family, shaped by Islamic culture, values, and principles, embodies a distinct pattern and lifestyle that necessitates its own set of requirements. These requirements directly influence various socio-cultural, economic, environmental, physical-spatial, usage, and access dimensions of the city and neighborhood, demanding a unique model. In this regard, a table is presented that establishes the connection between the four research components and the facets of urban planning in Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods. The proposed strategies for each of these dimensions are separately explained by the four research components. Examples of these strategies include:
• The proximity of the workplace to residential areas
• Ensuring children’s access to job training opportunities within the neighborhood through a dedicated children’s job park and similar facilities
• Fostering neighborhood functions that promote the personal, religious, and moral development of the family, particularly children
• Providing a designated space within the home for short-term leisure activities
• Designing appropriate spaces within the neighborhood for family leisure pursuits
• Creating a conducive environment within the home for regular exercise
• Establishing designated spaces within the neighborhood for family sports activities
• Cultivating a tranquil atmosphere within the home
• Embedding the principles of family harmony into the home environment
• Designating a space within the home for solitude and contemplation

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Family
  • Family-Based Urbanization
  • Iranian-Islamic Neighborhoods
  • Neighborhood

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اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
دوره 4، شماره 4
دی 1402
صفحه 90-115

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 21 آذر 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 29 دی 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 02 بهمن 1402

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